厌食与贪食

许仙

&nbsp; <div class="O" vshape="_x0000_s1026"><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-line-spacing: '140 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 784; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-color-index: 6;"><b>厌食</b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>是指动物食欲减退，摄食减少或拒食，甚至发生明显的营养衰竭。不同的病因可导致完全和部<font size="4">分厌食，有的病例表现对食物有兴趣或饥饿但不能摄取足够的食物，有的对食物的刺激完全失去反应。 </font></b></span></div><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-line-spacing: '140 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 784; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-color-index: 6;"><b><font size="4">贪食</font></b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b><font size="4"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>是指动物食欲旺盛并过量摄取食物，这种现象在某些生理条件下是正常反应，如泌乳、妊娠、极度寒冷和剧烈运动等，但过度的贪食会导致肥胖，也见于应用抗惊厥药、糖皮质激素、甲地孕酮及少见的下丘脑损伤的病例。贪食还见于机体试图补偿某些疾病引起的体重下降，如糖尿病、甲状腺机能亢进。</font> </b></span></div><div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 784; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"></div></div>

许仙

&nbsp; <div class="O" vshape="_x0000_s1026"><div style="mso-line-spacing: '120 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 484; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-color-index: 6;">病因<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b>摄食中枢位于下丘脑，临床许多疾病均可导致食欲的变</b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b>化。 </b></span></div><div style="mso-line-spacing: '120 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 484; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>炎性疾病（细菌、真菌、病毒、原虫感染） </b></span></div><div style="mso-line-spacing: '120 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 484; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>免疫介导性疾病 </b></span></div><div style="mso-line-spacing: '120 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 484; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>肿瘤和胰腺炎 </b></span></div><div style="mso-line-spacing: '120 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 484; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>消化系统疾病（胃肠疾病、吞咽障碍） </b></span></div><div style="mso-line-spacing: '120 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 484; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>恶心（引起呕吐中枢兴奋的各种原因） </b></span></div><div style="mso-line-spacing: '120 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 484; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>代谢性疾病（肝脏、肾脏、心衰、高钙血症、糖尿病性、甲</b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b>状腺机能亢进） </b></span></div><div style="mso-line-spacing: '120 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 484; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>嗅觉丧失、中枢神经系统疾病、心理因素、高温环境等。 </b></span></div><div style="mso-line-spacing: '120 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 484; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>但低温环境可促使食欲增加。</b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></div></div><div class="O" vshape="_x0000_s1026"><div style="mso-line-spacing: '125 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 358; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-color-index: 6;"><b>症状和诊断</b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b> </b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>厌食和贪食的临床症状较为明显。厌食和贪食不是疾病的特异性</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">症状，必须进行详细的病史调查以确定病因，临床上主要注意以下几个方</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">面： </span></div><div style="mso-line-spacing: '125 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 358; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>持续时间和程度：厌食或贪食的持续时间和程度有助于确定疾病的严重程</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">度。 </span></div><div style="mso-line-spacing: '125 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 358; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>日粮改变：日粮质量的变化或由于日粮缺乏适口性可引起厌食，而可口的</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">食物则可引起贪食。 </span></div><div style="mso-line-spacing: '125 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 358; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>环境应激：许多动物在精神应激时发生暂时性厌食，如运输、更换新的动</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">物及新的主人等。贪食可由寒冷应激或竞抢食物引起。 </span></div><div style="mso-line-spacing: '125 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 358; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>体重变化：突然迅速的体重下降表明疾病严重，贪食引起体重增加或下降</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">或不变，也可见于更换可口的日粮、应用药物诱导，偶尔见到下丘脑损</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">伤。伴随体重下降的贪食与消化吸收不良或内分泌失调有关，如糖尿病和</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">甲状腺机能亢进。 </span></div><div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 358; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"></div></div><div class="O" vshape="_x0000_s1026"><div style="mso-line-spacing: '130 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 300; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-color-index: 6;"><b>治疗</b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-color-index: 6;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></div><div style="mso-line-spacing: '130 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 300; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">全身和胃肠道疾病的特殊治疗在相关章节中介绍。 </span></div><div style="mso-line-spacing: '130 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 300; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>单纯地治疗厌食要求给予温暖的食物，或应用某些饲料添加剂如大</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">蒜可刺激食欲。饲喂应为柔软或液态的易消化的食物。在轻度肠炎</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">要禁食24h，治疗发热、脱水和电解质紊乱，恢复食欲。必要时可应</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">用鼻饲管饲喂。应用苯二氮卓类镇静药物，如地西泮、奥沙西泮，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">依法西泮，刺激动物的食欲，地西泮静脉注射0.05~0.4mg/kg能刺激</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">猫的食欲，但应注意使用剂量，以免发生中毒。 </span></div><div style="mso-line-spacing: '130 20 0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 300; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>贪食的治疗涉及到全身疾病、内分泌、代谢病等，食物及其能量应</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">适当控制，防止肥胖。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></div></div>

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